Why Vegans Dont Wear Silk

Why Vegans Dont Wear Silk Its reasonable to a great many people why veggie lovers dont eat meat or wear hide, yet why vegetarians dont wear silk is more subtle. Silk texture is produced using the silk that is spun by silkworms when they structure the cases for their pupal stage, before turning into a moth. Reaping of this silk straightforwardly hurts these animals in this way, since vegetarians don't utilize items that misuse creatures, veggie lovers don't utilize silk. In spite of the fact that there are various approaches to gather and mass-produce silkworms for their discharges, they all include the possession and abuse of these little creepy crawlies, in many cases executing them during the time spent reaping their silk. Since all creepy crawlies are viewed as aware - or if nothing else had of an apprehensive and in this manner equipped for feeling (if not encountering) torment - veggie lovers esteem their creature right to an actual existence liberated from affliction. How Is Silk Made? Mass-created silk is produced using trained silkworms, Bombyx mori, raised on ranches. The silkworms, who are in the caterpillar phase of the silk moth, are taken care of mulberry leaves until they are prepared to turn cases and enter their pupal stage. The silk is emitted as a fluid from two organs in the caterpillars head. While they are still in their pupal stage, the casings are put in bubbling water, which murders the silkworms and starts the way toward unwinding the cases to deliver silk string. Whenever permitted to create and live, the silkworms would transform into moths and reprimand their method of the cases to get away. The bit silk strands would be a lot shorter and less significant than the entire cases. Around 15 silkworms are executed to make a gram of silk string, and 10,000 are murdered to make a silk sari. Silk string can likewise be delivered by murdering silkworms while they are in their caterpillar stage, not long before they turn their casings, and extricating the two silk organs. The organs would then be able to be extended into silk strings known as silkworm gut, which is utilized for the most part to make fly angling baits. Peaceful Production Silk can likewise be made without executing the caterpillars. Eri silk or harmony silk is produced using the casings of Samia ricini, a sort of silkworm who turns a cover with a minuscule opening at long last. Subsequent to metamorphosizing into moths, they creep out of the opening. This sort of silk can't be brought similarly that Bombyx mori silk is reeled. Rather, it is checked and spun like fleece. Eri silk speaks to an exceptionally little bit of the silk showcase. Another sort of silk is Ahimsa silk, which is produced using the cases of Bombyx mori moths after the moths reprimand their method of their cases. As a result of the bit through strands, less of the silk is usable for material creation and Ahimsa silk costs more than regular silk. Ahimsa is the Hindu word for peacefulness. Ahimsa silk, however well known with Jains, additionally speaks to a little part of the silk showcase. For what reason Don't Vegans Wear Silk? Vegetarians attempt to abstain from hurting and misusing creatures, which implies that veggie lovers don't utilize creature items, including meat, dairy, eggs, hide, cowhide, fleece or silk. Dropping silkworms into bubbling water slaughters the worms and most likely makes them endure - relying upon whether they really can encounter enduring, logically. Indeed, even Eri silk or Ahimsa silk are dangerous on the grounds that they include the taming, reproducing, and misuse of creatures. Grown-up Bombyx mori silkmoths can't fly in light of the fact that their bodies are too huge contrasted with their wings, and grown-up guys can't eat on the grounds that they have immature mouthparts. Like bovines who have been reared for most extreme meat or milk creation, silkworms have been reproduced to boost silk creation, with no respect for the prosperity of the creatures. To vegetarians, the main conceivable moral approach to create silk is gather cases from wild creepy crawlies after the grown-up bugs rise up out of them and dont need them any more. Another moral method to wear silk is wear just recycled silk, freegan silk, or old garments that were bought before one went vegetarian. Are Insects Sentient? While specialists differ over how much a creepy crawly can endure or feel torment, most at any rate leave the entryway open on the question and trust it is conceivable that bugs feel something that we would call torment. Be that as it may, a bugs sensory system is unique in relation to a warm blooded animals in spite of likewise transmitting signals from upgrades that cause a reaction in the animal. While some infer that bugs don't feel torment, in any event not in the equivalent passionate way that people experience torment, they despite everything accept that all animals are meriting empathetic treatment. Regardless of whether creepy crawlies don't feel torment when dropped into bubbling water, a passing liberated from torment is as yet a demise.

Case Briefing and Problem Solving

Issue Spotters Delta Tools, Inc. , markets an item that under certain conditions is able to do genuinely harming purchasers. Does Delta owe a moral obligation to expel this item from the market, regardless of whether the wounds result just from abuse? Why or why not? I think Delta Tools, Inc. doesn't owe a moral obligation to expel the item from the market except if the organization doesn't caution its clients of the peril they can endless supply of the item. In the event that the organization takes all the measures to caution their clients of the threat of the item once it's abused, clients know about the hazard and willfully accept it.For model, the utilization of any anti-toxins with the liquor can prompt numerous hurtful procedures and exercises. All things considered, pharmaceutical organizations don't expel these items from the market thus. It's a client's obligation to utilize the item appropriately. Case issues 8â€1 Business Ethics. Jason Trevor claims a business pastry sh op in Blakely, Georgia, that delivers an assortment of merchandise sold in supermarkets. Trevor is legally necessary to perform interior tests on food delivered at his plant to check for contamination.Three times in 2008, the trial of food items that contained nutty spread were sure for salmonella sullying. Trevor was not required to report the outcomes to U. S. Food and Drug Administration authorities, be that as it may, so he didn't. Rather, Trevor taught his representatives to just recurrent the tests until the result was negative. Subsequently, the items that had initially tried positive for salmonella were in the end delivered out to retailers. Five individuals who ate Trevor's prepared merchandise in 2008 turned out to be genuinely sick, and one individual passed on from salmonella.Even however Trevor's lead was legitimate, was it deceptive for him to sell products that had once tried positive for salmonella? On the off chance that Trevor had followed the six essential rules f or settling on moral business choices, would he despite everything have sold the polluted products? Why or why not? The issue for this situation issue is whether Trevor's activities were dishonest. As I would like to think it was deceptive for Jason Trevor to sell products that had once tried positive for salmonella. Salmonella is a bacterium that can cause numerous illnesses.Two fundamental moral methodologies can be applied to this case. Right off the bat, Trevor should've contemplated his clients from the strict position. He could've anticipated that items constructive tried on salmonella would hurt individuals unavoidably. Besides, he needed to think about the result of this deal. He didn't consider the outcomes that can follow. He acted careless by letting his representatives transport the items to the retailers. In the event that Trevor followed the six fundamental rules for settling on moral business choices he would not have offered the sullied merchandise to the public.Havi ng five individuals genuinely sick and one individual passed on account of the defiled items hurts the name of the brand related with this episode. In this manner, organization loses its clients and, thus, some portion of the incomes. I think Trevor additionally should feel regretful about what befell those individuals implying that on the Conscience step, which is the fourth rule, he would've reexamined his activities and most likely altered his perspective. I surmise he would've not been glad to be met about the activities he was going to take.And the subsequent stage, which is Promises to his clients, would've settled on him question his choices due to the trust of the clients that he grasped. Also, I am certain Trevor's saint would not have acted the way that can hurt individuals. In this way, Trevor would not have sold the tainted merchandise had he followed the essential rules for settling on moral business choices. Brody v. Transitional Hospitals Corporation United States Cou rt of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 280 F. 3d 997 (ninth Cir. 2002). http://caselaw. findlaw. com/us-ninth circuit/1019105. html FACTS Jules Brody and Joyce T.Crawford recorded a class activity objection against Transitional Hospitals Corporation (THC) and its officials on August 28, 1997 blaming THC for unlawful insider exchanging after THC purchased 800,000 portions of its stock between February 26 and February 28 without first unveiling that Vencor and different gatherings had communicated enthusiasm for THC. What's more, Brody and Crawford asserted that THC, in its March 19 and April 24 official statements, tangibly misdirected them about THC's goal to sell the organization. The locale court allowed the respondent's movement to excuse the cases. The offended parties engaged the US Court of Appeal, Ninth Circuit.ISSUE Are Brody and Crawford the correct offended parties to sue THC for harms for infringement of the resolution and rule? as to insider exchanging? Choice No. US Court of App eal, Ninth circuit, asserted the area court's choice to excuse Brody and Crawford's protest for inability to express a case whereupon help can be conceded. REASON The Court noticed that offended parties didn't meet a contemporaneous exchanging prerequisite, a judicially-made standing necessity, which indicated in Section 14(e) and Rule 14e-3 that the offended parties more likely than not exchanged an organization's stock at about a similar time as the asserted insider.In expansion, the Court concluded that the offended parties' objection must determine the explanation or reasons why the announcements made by THC in its official statements were misdirecting. Brody and Crawford contended that all together for proclamation not to be deluding, â€Å"once exposure is made, there is an obligation to make it complete and accurate†, for which the Court found no help for the situation law. The case law? just denies misdirecting and false articulations, not explanations that are inadeq uate. Commentaries: ? Segments 10(b), 14(e), and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, 15 U. S. C.  §Ã¢ § 78j (b), 78n (e), and 78t (an), and Rules 10b-5 and 14e 3, 17 C.F. R.  §Ã¢ § 240. 10b-5 and 240. 14e-3, declared thereunder by the Securities Exchange Commission (â€Å"SEC†) ? Rule 10b-5 and Section 14(e) Full case: BRODY v. TRANSITIONAL HOSPITALS CORPORATION Jules BRODY; Joyce T. Crawford, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. TRANSITIONAL HOSPITALS CORPORATION; Wendy L. Simpson; Richard L. Conte, Defendants-Appellees. No.? 99-15672. Contended and Submitted July 11, 2001. †February 07, 2002 Before: HALL, WARDLAW and BERZON, Circuit Judges. Jeffrey S. Abraham, New York, NY, for the offended parties appellants. Imprint R. McDonald, Morrison and Foerster, Los Angeles, CA, for the litigants appellees.In this case we address a few protections misrepresentation issues, fixating on whether an offended party more likely than not exchanged at about a similar time as the insider it claim abuse d protections laws. ? Jules Brody and Joyce T. Crawford brought suit against Transitional Hospital Corporation (â€Å"THC† or â€Å"the company†) and its officials asserting infringement of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (â€Å"Exchange Act†) and state law in light of the fact that the respondents both exchanged dependence on inside data and discharged deceiving open data. ? The region court conceded the respondent's movement to excuse for inability to express a case. Brody and Crawford presently bid the area court's organization on a few grounds. Foundation In deciding if the protest expresses a case whereupon alleviation could be without a doubt, we accept the realities asserted in the grievance to be valid. ?Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F. 3d 423, 427 (ninth Cir. 2001). ? The realities asserted in the protest are as per the following: THC was a Nevada organization that conveyed long haul intense consideration benefits through medical clinics and satellite offices over the United States. ? In August 1996, the organization reported its arrangement to repurchase every once in a while on the free market up to $25 million in organization stock. After two months, THC extended the repurchase plan to $75 million. On February 24, 1997, Vencor, Inc. submitted to THC's directorate a composed proposal to secure the organization for $11. 50 for every offer. ? THC didn't unveil this offer openly. ? Between February 26 and February 28, THC bought 800,000 portions of its own stock at a normal cost of $9. 25 for each offer. ? This $7. 4 million repurchase was notwithstanding another $21. 1 million that THC had spent buying its stock in the multi month time frame that finished on February 28, 1997. The offended parties don't assert that the complete repurchase surpassed $75 million. THC gave a public statement on March 19, 1997, specifying the advancement and degree of its stock repurchase program. ? The public statement didn't make reference to Venco r or some other gathering's enthusiasm for securing THC. The offended parties contend that in light of this oversight, the March public statement was deluding. On April 1, 1997, Vencor expanded its proposal to buy THC to $13 per share. ? In the following scarcely any weeks, THC additionally got proposals from two other contending bidders. ? On April 24, in the wake of getting all hree offers, THC gave another public statement, expressing that the organization had â€Å"received articulations of enthusiasm from specific gatherings who have demonstrated an enthusiasm for acquiring† it. ? A similar record additionally expressed that THC had recruited â€Å"financial counselors to prompt the organization regarding a potential deal. † ? The offended parties contend that this public statement was likewise deceptive; in light of the fact that it didn't express that significant due determination had just occurred, that THC had gotten contending offers surpassing $13 per share, or that a THC executive gathering would happen two days after the fact to consider these offers.At the executive gathering, the THC board casted a ballot to arrange a merger concurrence with Select Medical Corporation (â€Å"Select†). ? On May 4, THC openly reported that it and Select had gone into an authoritative merger understanding and that Select would buy THC at $14. 55 for every offer. ? Vencor immediately compromised a threatening takeover. ? To fight off that move, THC eventually concurred, on June 12, to a takeover by Vencor instead of Select, at $16 per share. Brody and Crawford sold offers on occasion that sandwich the April 24 press rel

SIPA 2014 Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA 2014 Application COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its finally here after several edits. If you have been keeping up with us, you have already marked on your calendar our first application deadline â€" for Spring 2014 entry to the MIA (Master of International Affairs) and MPA (Master of Public Administration) programs â€" is October 15. Please visit our admissions homepage for more information, including start dates and application requirements for all our programs.   For those who have been patiently waiting the moment has arrived SIPA is now accepting applications to all seven of our degree programs for the Summer and Fall 2014 terms of entry. I encourage you to begin your application early so you have time to submit one that truly reflects your capabilities and accomplishments. Our Fall 2014   application deadline is January 6, 2014 but its never too early to get started on your application. Good luck and we look forward to meeting you.

Measuring The Organizational Contributions Of The Many...

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Elizabeth later credited her conversation with Lucretia Mott in that very segregated women s section for the idea of holding a mass meeting to address the rights of women. (Mary) Attempting humor as a tactic to win their right to vote they enlisted Writer, Alice Duer Miller in 1915 she wrote, â€Å"Why We Don t Want Men to Vote because man s place is in the army. Because, no really manly man wants to settle any question otherwise than by fighting about it. 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Literature Review Iranian Muslim Americans - 883 Words

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Eat Well, Feel Better. the Link Between What We Eat and Our Mental Health Free Essays

Eat well, feel better. The link between what we eat and our mental health. Table of contents 1 Introduction Page 2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Eat Well, Feel Better. the Link Between What We Eat and Our Mental Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Background information Page 2 1. 2 Aim Page 2 1 Methodology Page 2 2. 3 Primary research Page 2 2. Secondary research Page 2 3 Findings Page 3 3. 1 What is mental illness Page 3 3. 2 The link between food and mental health Page 4 4 Conclusions Page 5 5 Recommendations Page 6 6 Bibliography Page 7 . Introduction 1. 1 Background Information In recent years there has been an increase of mental health problems in our society. According to the Department of Health(2012) one in four adults experience mental illness at some point during their lifetime and one in six experience symptoms of mental illness – thus making it the largest single cause of disability in our society. Many people choose to take control of their mental health by using self-help approaches alongside, or even instead of, prescribed medication and talking therapies. Making changes to diet and eating habits is just one approach that some people have used to help improve their mental well-being. The links between diet and mental health are less clearly understood than links between diet and physical health. There are some generally accepted trends and pieces of advice than can help when thinking about what you eat and drink. 1. 2 Aim This report is going to outline what mental health is and how it affects people. It is going to research how what you eat affects your mental health and how eating or not eating certain foods can contribute to a person’s mental wellbeing. It is also going to suggest the types of foods that are good to help maintain mental wellbeing and tell the reader why and how these foods make a person with mental health problems feel. 2. Methodology 2. 1Primary research The time allotted for this report did not allow for any accurate primary research to be done as this would have involved drawing up questionnaires, handing them out to a target group, collecting them in and analysing the findings all of which would be a time consuming task. 2. 2 Secondary Research In the report secondary sources from various websites are the main source of information. There is limited information in books about this as it is a very current topic and websites such as www. mind. org and www. sustainweb. org have been carrying out research on this subject and have a lot of valuable information. 3. Findings 3. 1 what is mental illness Mental illness is a term used when someone experiences significant changes in their thinking, feelings or behavior. The changes are usually bad enough to affect how the person functions and can cause distress to them or to other people. It may cause Anxiety, Depression, Suicidal Thoughts, Sleep Deprivation and a general feeling of unease and despair. A person with a mental illness sees things differently than a person without a mental illness and something simple to a non-sufferer can be life changing to a sufferer and can lead to the illness taking over where it is a downwards spiral in to the depths of depression. This then become a vicious circle of depression leading to the sleep deprivation which in turn leads to anxiety attacks which can then lead to feelings of despair and maybe even suicidal thoughts which then brings the sufferer straight back to the beginning were they are anxious about what might happen next and starts the circle all over gain. 3. 2 Research According to Youngminds(2012) there is increasing evidence of a link between what we eat and how we feel. This is called the ‘food – mood’ connection. How we feel influences what we choose to eat or drink and vice versa – and a healthy diet can help to protect our mental health. Mental health problems are believed to be the result of a co mbination of factors, including age, genetics and environmental factors. One of the most obvious, yet under-recognised factors in the development of major trends in mental health is the role of nutrition. Sustain(2010) indicates that a balanced mood and feelings of well-being can be helped by ensuring that our diet provides adequate amounts of certain foods such as foods that contain;- * Complex carbohydrates, Glucose from the carbohydrates we eat provides the brain’s main source of fuel. Without this fuel, we can’t think clearly. Some carbs are better than others. Sugar, white pasta and biscuits will only give you a short burst of energy. You’ll feel tired and grumpy when the sugar high wears off and for someone with mental health issues this could then trigger a series of emotions. . If you eat lots of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you irritable, anxious, and dizzy, it can also lead to poor concentration and aggressive behaviour. Complex carbohydrates†, such as wholegrain, beans and vegetables, are a better choice because they give you sustained energy and you don’t get that come down feeling when they wear off. * Essential fats, Essential fats, found mainly in oily fish, seeds and nuts, cannot be made within the body, so we have to get them from food. Sixty per cent of the brain is made of fat, and the fats we eat directly affect its structure. A lack of omega-3 fatty acids has been linked to various mental health problems, including depression and lack of concentration. * Amino acids, Proteins found mainly in meat, fish and soya products are broken down in the body to be used as amino acids, which are vital to good mental health. Brain messengers are made in the body from the proteins that we eat. If we don’t get enough amino acids it can lead to feelings of depression, apathy, lack of motivation or tension. * Vitamins and minerals Vitamins such as b ,c , e and folate along with minerals such as zinc and magnesium which are found in foods such as green leafy vegetables ,eggs ,red meat ,yeasts ,nuts, whole grains and fruits are all good to help combat mental health issues. * Water is also very good. This is also backed up by information given by Youngminds(2012) and sustain(2012). This is, of course, the same type of healthy balanced diet that is widely recommended to reduce our risk of developing coronary heart disease, strokes, a range of cancers, diabetes and a number of digestive disorders and conditions. The diet that would give us the right amount and balance of these nutrients would contain: * lots of different vegetables and fruit * a wide variety of whole grains, * nuts, seeds and legumes, * and some occasional oily fish, lean meat and dairy products. Mind(2012) says the body of evidence linking diet and mental health is growing at a rapid pace. As well as its impact on short and long-term mental health, the evidence indicates that food plays an important contributing role in the development, management and prevention of specific mental health problems such as * depression, schizophrenia, * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), * Alzheimer’s disease. This is also backed up by sustain(2010) and mentalhealthfoundation(2012). The evidence so far does not show that these conditions can be prevented or cured by diet alone. However, evidence is accumulating that the combination of polyunsaturated fats, minerals and vitamins may help to: †¢relieve the symptoms of s ome mental illnesses; †¢improve the effectiveness of medication for some conditions; and †¢reduce the unpleasant side-effects of some medications. Comfort eating is another symptom of mental health issues, eating or drinking the foods that give false highs but also bring that depressed low feeling when the effects of the chemicals released in the brain ware off. Mind(2012) states If you eat lots of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you irritable, anxious, and dizzy, It can also lead to poor concentration and aggressive behaviour. Even with all the information that is out there not many people realise the link between food and mental health. Mentalhealthfeedingminds(2012) states that the role of diet in the nation’s mental health has yet to be fully understood and embraced, and shifts in policy and practice have been slow to materialise. Possible reasons include a lack of awareness of the evidence, scepticism as to its quality and vested interests in other treatments and approaches. 4. Conclusions The aim of this report was to show the link between food and mental health and to show how certain foods effect how we feel. Whilst researching this topic the author found that there is a definite link between food and mental health although not enough research has been done in this area to allow for an extensive report to be carried out. The websites that have researched this issue are trusted and credible websites but they lack the resources to investigate further or carry out primary research on this matter. 5. Recommendations A recommendation would be for extensive medical research to be carried out in this area with doctors and nutritionist working together to teach people with mental health issues how to help themselves by maintaining a healthy and balanced diet. Also primary research should be done on a target group of people with mental health issues were they keep a food diary of what they eat for a period of time noting how they felt and if there was an improvement on their mental health. References Bibliography * Departmentofhealth. (2012)Mentalhealth. Available from. www. dh. gov. uk. (Accessed02/10/2012). Ispsuk. (2012). What is mental illness and what is mental health? Availablefrom. www. ispsuk. org(2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthintheuk. (2012). Mindguidetofoodandmood. Available from. www. mentalhealthintheuk. co. uk/Mindguidetofood. pdf. Accessed02/10/2012 * Mentalhealthfoundation. (2012). DietandMentalHealth. Availablefromwww. mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a- z/D/diet. 2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthy. (2012). Self-help Depression Availablefrom;www. mentalhealthy. co. uk/lifestyle/mind-food/food-for-good-mental-health. Accessed03. 0. 2012 * Mindforbettermentalhealth. (2012). Mind guide to food and mood. Availablefrom;www. mind. org. uk/help/medical_and_alternative_care/food_and_mood-the_mind_guide. Accessed. 02. 10. 2012. * Sustainweb. (2010). Howarefoodandmentalhealthrelated? Availablefrom;. www. sustainweb. org/foodandmentalhealth. Accessed. 02/10/2012. * Youngminds. (2012). Youngmindsthevoiceofyoungpeoplesmentalhealthandwellbeing. availablefrom;http://www. youngminds. org. uk/for_children_young_people/better_mental_health/look_after_your_body? gclid=CJWfjqiRurMCFUVZ3godwEEAFQ. A ccessed. 02. 10. 2012. How to cite Eat Well, Feel Better. the Link Between What We Eat and Our Mental Health, Papers

Change Management Plan Management

Question: What is Change Management Plan? Explain. Answer: Changes to project scope can have a direct impact on the cost of the project and thus, it is one of the most crucial part of project. Thus, scope changes would be communicated to decision makers to obtain agreement and a formal process for change control would be deployed such that all necessary changes would be listed, their order of execution would be planned and everyone who would be affected would be communicated about the changes. To obtain approval, a change request form would be prepared containing details of project changes such as problem description, change description, justification, change category, and approval disposition. The change request form would go to a change review committee for the evaluation of changes. This committee would be formed out of people from different technical teams who would be selected on the basis of their capacity to understand the impact of changes. Changes that would be approved by this committee would be entered into a project plan. This project plan would be used by project manager who would assign responsibilities for each of the change decided and would communicate the same to respective team person. Project manager would be managing a change control process which would include management of change request forms, change review and evolution, change priority and classification and change approval. During the change control process, the change proposal would be validated and the impact of changes would be assessed by the project manager. After the project change is approved and decisions are made about changes to be done, the project manager would communicate to the team members about their individual responsibilities to carry out changes. The project manager would also report to the stakeholder by presenting all changes, their schedule and impacts on project. Change Control Management Process is created form four of its key components that are explained below: Change request forms: These forms identified all the changes to be made and confirms necessary details that are required for making decisions about them. A Change Request Form would have following details: Name and contact details of the originator of the change Date of submission Problem Description: As the Shanghai Port is 180 kms away from the China Plant of the company, additional logistics steps are required when any goods have to be shipped out of China. This requires transporting products from plant to Hangzhou port through truck, then loading them into container, then containers are loaded into barge that are shipped to Shanghai port where they are off-loaded again and then trucked to other area of port where they are loaded again on to ships. Description of the change: The facility of plant would be shifted from Hangzhou to Shanghai. Justification for the change: The steps involved in logistics can be reduced if the plant is shifted to Shanghai, location where more requirements are coming from, transportation costs from Hangzhou port to Shanghai port would not be needed and this would save huge costs to the company. Category of change: Relocation of plant to save on transportation costs. Impact of changes on project schedule and budget: Schedule of transportation would improve as the loading, truck transport, and offloading from Hangzhou port to Shanghai port would be eliminated. As the additional processes are currently incurring transportation and handling costs, their removal would also reduce costs and thus, budget would be reduced. Approval disposition Signature and date of Project Managers Date of Approval and signature of Project Sponsors Date of change updates in Change Request Log and project plan. Change review and evaluation: This reviews of changes would be done on the basis of certain factors : Skill requirement Impact of change on project schedule and project budget: The changes would be added to the existing project plan by the project manager to understand the impact of changes on project schedule and budget. The plan and work break down structure would be reviewed for assessment of impacts graphically. Risks on project changes Rework requirement Need for additional resources such as material, people, tools and technologies Change priority and classification: Changes decided would be categorized as per their priority of achievement which can be critical, high, medium or low. Changes that are critical to the success of project, are mandatory and need to be exercised within a week are given top priority. Changes that are important for the success of the project such as those affecting processes significantly, are given high priority. Changes that have significant impact on project but they do not directly support or hinder any processes, are categorized as Medium priority work. All other work are put into low priority. Change approval: A change review committee meet project managers, originator of change request and managers to discuss over the change plan for making decisions about them. Proposed changes would be analyze in the meeting with respect their impacts on project schedule and cost. If this impact goes out of the change control criteria, the change would be discarded or would be reconsidered. For instance, if the change affect the dates of deliveries significantly thereby consuming more time of staff then

Anthony Lewis Gideons Trumpet free essay sample

This paper reviews the book Gideons Trumpet, about a hobo and real-life convict in Florida in the 1960s whose fight for freedom led to a landmark case being heard in the United States Supreme Court. This is a book review of Anthony Lewis book, Gideons Trumpet.` The legal figures and details of this case are presented to the reader, who is taken through all of the different stages in order to understand the process involved this type of legal case. The book gives the reader insight into how legal verdicts are reached, including the process the judge must go through in order to reach a binding decision. It looks at an individuals right to counsel, how the courts can influence the formulation of state and federal laws and serves as a good resource for law students seeking to learn about the legal system in the United States. The book as a highly informational literary work to the ordinary reader sends that reader to a crash course in rules of court and how judges and justices reach verdicts. It tells him how a complaint moves from the first step to the middle and the last, how it is taken up or rejected. And because it talks about a true-to-life case of a convict who petitions the highest Court of the land for his own release and obtains that petition, the book is a call for courage and encouragement in the presence and supremacy of justice even among weak, erratic human beings in robes.

Biology - Human Story essays

Biology - Human Story essays 1) Using appropriate example define what is a species? A species can be defined by particular structural features. Humans are species of primate mammals. They share the characteristics of this group of animals. Species can also be defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 2) Give few characteristics that classify humans as Primates: Well-developed brain, well-developed eye sight, eyes forward in the face and stereo-scopic binocular vision, nose is shortened and sense of smell is reduced, thumb is opposable , flat nails (rather then claws), tendency to have single offspring births. Hominids: Brain size relative to body size is bigger than other primates, striding bipedal upright gait (human walk upright in 2 legs) adaptations for bipedalism include the location of the foramen magnum, the shape of the pelvis, the curvature of the spine, a knee that can withstand greater stress, ankles that are modified to support body weight, a foot arch that works as a shock absorber and toes that are shorter than the apes. Mammals: Fur or hair, milk-producing glands, three bones in the middle ear, specialized dentition (teeth), most mammals give birth to live young, four chambered heart. Chordate: Notochord, pharyngeal slits (gill slits), hollow dorsal nerve cord. 3) Outline features that classify human as Hominids: A prominent nose as shown by the raised bone surfaces around the nasal opening and by the bony spine at the centre of the openings base. The bone of the lower jaw is thin and may have a chin. Hominins: Striding bipedal upright gait, adaptation for bipedalism include the location of the foramen magnum, the she of the pelvis, the curvature of the spine. 4) Using one technology advances explain how there is a change in opinions of scientists about classification of primates? ...

Manifest destiny and the forcible removal of american indians Research Paper

Manifest destiny and the forcible removal of american indians - Research Paper Example The term Manifest Destiny integrated the nationalist concepts of Anglo-Saxon superiority with capitalist expansion of territory, â€Å"ideas which had deep roots in American political culture† (Nevins 2002: 17). On the other hand, Caldwell (2006) identifies the roots of manifest destiny in religion, the providentially sanctioned Christian destiny territorial conquest going back as far as the Crusades, and â€Å"a God-given right to any land occupied by non-Christian peoples† (p.84). The extensive American efforts at expansion included in addition to the Louisiana Purchase and the acquisition of the lands of the Mexican cession, internal expansion as American settlers moved westward during the California gold rush (Joy, 2003) Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the concept of Manifest Destiny in 19th century American history, and its role in America’s rise from a colony to a super power. Further, the extent to which manifest destiny was r eflected in domestic policy by the country’s government will be identified. The forcible removal of American Indians, attempts to civilize them, and Americans’ seizing of Mexican land, and waging war on Mexico will be discussed. The underlying roots of European racism and imperialism fuelling manifest destiny will be examined. Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion in America From the 14th century to as late as the 1840s, Europeans fled to the New World of America in search of religious freedom and a new life. There was westward expansion in the 19th century because the population density in the industrial towns in the east was increasing tremendously by growing numbers of Europeans who entered America at the eastern seaboard. Moreover, the gold rush in the western region particularly in California, as well as news of fertile soil and plentiful opportunities were powerful motivators to move westwards. Consequently, the Americans found it necessary to spread westward i n search of new land to cultivate, to build on, and new livelihood to undertake. This westward expansion was termed as manifest destiny by Anglos were the whites arriving in California from the eastern towns in the 19th century. Through close association and marriage allegiance with the California elite the white settlers acquired great wealth and political power (Mountjoy 2009). Notions of national superiority form a significant reason for the concept of Manifest Destiny to take shape and to promote westward expansion towards new opportunities. According to Caldwell (2006) the reasons for America’s notions of superiority include myths of the unique regenerative power of the new land of America that the Europeans made their home; from Americans’ self developed visions of being the people chosen by God to utilize the abundance of natural resources; of being given the mission to spread civilization in underdeveloped areas, and of being granted the high destiny of spreadi ng westward for achieving profit and prosperity. Americans’ sense of supremacy is also rooted in their ability to succeed as immigrants through self-sufficiency, confidence, self-reliance; their realization of the abundance of natural wealth in the land; and their view of the universality of American ideology. Expansionist Theory, Racism and Imperialism in Manifest Destiny American Indians who were the original natives of the land were marginalized and every

The Future of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of the United States - Essay Example These changes will have an impact on the local and national electoral politics. Additionally, there are various issues that are likely to arise alienating this group of people. The growing Hispanic population will result into changes in the voting trends among the US citizens. This was clearly seen during the 2012 elections in the US whereby 78% of his votes were from non-white individuals (Zakheim, 2012). This shows that politicians have to rethink their campaign strategy by taking into consideration the issues affecting this population. This will have a major impact on the strategy that has been employed by the Republican Party over the years. In general, politicians will have to extend their appeal to the minorities. In the present times the minorities make up 28 percent of the electorate (Zakheim, 2012). This number of individuals is likely to increase in future calling on politicians to come up with ways that appeal to the come up with ways to appeal to the Hispanic vote. It can be observed that in the previous general election the Republican candidate, Mitt Romney only got 20% of the non-white votes (Zakheim, 2012). There are diverse issues that are likely to come up with relation to the foreign policy. In the present times, illegal immigration is the most adverse problem in foreign policy and it is largely viewed as domestic policy issue (Fry and Passel, 2009). It is clear that the government has failed to address this issue head on. The US has dedicated its resources towards addressing issues facing other parts of the world Central Asia, Middle East, Southern Europe and Africa (Zakheim, 2012). Yet, they have failed to address the issues facing nations along the US border that have resulted into increased immigration. The US should review its foreign policy with regards to illegal immigration. The government is advised to come up with a fast-track national service initiative similar to the one that is

Isolation of Caffeine From Tea

Isolation of Caffeine From Tea   James Maitland Xanthines are purine alkaloids synthesised in plants such as coffee, tea, and cacao, with the most known xanthine being caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Their production is limited in the aforementioned plant species compared to other plant alkaloids such as morphine, nicotine and strychnine, which are widely expressed across the plant kingdom. Caffeine is the worlds most consumed psychoactive drug, with approximately 74% of it used as beverages, 25% utilised for pharmaceutical formulations and the remainder for other purposes.3 It is chemically known as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, with a complex purine-based structure, chemically associated to adenine and guanine found in DNA and RNA Caffeines also found in human tissues as well as various organisms. It is appreciated for its role in stimulating the CNS, kidneys, bronchial smooth muscle and relaxing the cardiac muscle.2,3 As a therapeutic, caffeine is administered as a powdered form, but the psychoactive substance found in tea leaves constitutes 2-5% caffeine per weight. Caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity, fatigue, in analgesic preparations with aspirin and paracetamol, and in various other roles including night duties (promoting alerting effect by antagonising adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain), and in sports as a performance-enhancer. Because of the prerequisites for its usage in beverages and its significant potential in the pharmaceutical industry, caffeine has been isolated primarily from coffee. However, the increasing demand for naturally derived caffeine for consumption necessitates additional other sources, for its extraction.4 Contrastive to its utilisation and because it is unregulated, there has been increasing concerns pertaining its connection to adverse side-effects on human physiology regarding its high consumptions by some, which is linked with tachycardia, arrhythmia, muscle tremors, headache, coma, or fatality.4,2,3 As such, alternative forms of beverages have been decaffeinated (e.g., green tea) to eliminate the described potential side-effects and the demand for alternative forms of beverages goes hand in hand with increasing environmental-friendly techniques used to decaffeinate the crude product. This article, therefore, looks at the water extracting method for the isolation of methylxanthines and using thin-layer-chromatography and IR spectroscopy to characterise individual methylxanthines, as well as discussing their Rf values, the use of caffeine in cold and flu remedies, and a brief look into the caffeine market. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Tea solution 200ml of water was placed into a beaker and the solution was allowed to boil using a Bunsen burner. Tea (10.3052g) was then added into the solution and boiled for approximately 15 minutes. The beaker was then removed from the heat and 50ml sulphuric acid was then added to the hot solution and shake to ensure no emulsion occurs. The solution was later allowed to cool at room temperature and then filtered using Buchner system. Extraction of Caffeine 20ml of 10% sulphuric acid was added to the filtrate and stirred. Sulphuric acid converts the tannins to their salts, therefore, making them insoluble in chloroform, though soluble in water. The solution was then extracted by 3 successive washes of 50ml chloroform using a separating funnel, collecting the organic layer for each consecutive wash. The mixture of the solution was frequently shaken with occasional venting to prevent pressure buildup. The extracts were collected and dried by adding the catalyst anhydrous sodium sulphate for 10-15mins, removing all the water, leaving behind a fine powder. Isolation of The Caffeine Remove the sodium sulphate by filtration using the Buchner system. The chloroform was then evaporated by the use of a rotary evaporator, leaving behind the methylxanthine crystals. The weight of caffeine was then measured and the yield calculated. Thin Layer Chromatography TLC was conducted at room temperature and was used to verify the presence of caffeine by obtaining the methylxanthines, which was re-dissolved in 2ml of chloroform, 1ml of which was examined under TLC along with reference solutions and mother liquor. The UV-absorbing methylxanthines absorb UV light and so fluoresce agent (dichloromethane) in the stationary phase was used for visualisation in the UV254nm. On the TLC plate (Silica gel GF254; Dimension: 5cm x 20cm), a 1cm line was drawn above the base of one end of the plate. Capillary micropipette to place a spot of the reference solution (Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, and mother liquor) along the line drawn on the plate and labelled as appropriate to reduce confusion with the other samples, which were also labelled as appropriate. This step was repeated using different micropipettes for each sample, creating spots at about 1cm from each other. The TLC plate was then placed upright in the TLC chamber contacting the developing solvent (Chloroform: Acetone: N-Butanol: 30% Ammonia, at 30:30:40:10 ratio) at a level below 0.5cm (the origin) and sealed with using a watch glass. The solvent was allowed to migrate along the TLC plate so it reaches at least 1cm from the top and once the solvent had evaporated, the plate subsequently visualised under UV light as most organic compounds are colourless in the naked eye, facilitated by the fa ct that the TLC plate contains chemical additives that fluorescent under UV-light. Infra-Red Spectroscopy The remaining methylxanthine solution of caffeine obtained was used to produce an IR spectrum to deduce the functional groups in the compound. The measured spectral range was between 600 4000 cm. The sample was placed on a sampling window and spectral data collected using a spectrum software (PerkinElmer Spectrum Express version 1.02.00, UK).10 Table 1: Weight of crude caffeine Caffeine 0.1606g Percentage yield = Mass of crude caffeine / mass of tea bags x 100% = 0.1606g / 10g ÃÆ'- 100% = 1.606% Table 2: Distance travelled by the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm) C TB TP ML Sample 36 24 18 Spot 1= 34 Spot 2= 26 Spot 3= 16 34 Note: C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = Sample Rf value= Distance travelled by the compound (mm) Distance travelled by the solvent (mm) Caffeine = 36mm/38mm = 0.95 Theobromine =24mm/38mm = 0.63 Theophylline =18mm/38mm = 0.47 Mother Liquor spot 1= 34mm/38mm = 0.89 ML spot 2 = 26mm/38mm = 0.68 ML spot 3 = 15mm/38mm = 0.39 S= 34mm/38mm = 0.89 Table 3: Rf values of the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm) C TB TP ML Sample 0.95 0.63 0.47 Spot 1= 0.89 Spot 2= 0.68 Spot 3= 0.42 0.89 Note: C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = Sample Figure 1: IR spectra of the caffeine. Peak 3000 cm-1 represents amides and amines, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 indicates the presence of alkene in caffeine. A and B shows the carboxyl groups C=O bands of carbon-2 and 6 in region 1700-1659 cm-1. Figure 2: IR spectrum of the standard. The peak around 3000 is due to amides and amines. Peaks 1700-1600 is alkene in the caffeine molecule The structure of caffeine (Figure 3) is a function of how it behaves and interacts with other molecules and defines its properties such as solubility (e.g., due to the presence of nitrogen atoms), boiling point, as well as the melting point. The tertiary purine-based caffeine constitutes an amine, amide and alkene function group, all containing lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom. The achiral molecule is polar in nature due to the electronegativity difference between carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen covalent bonds due to dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding once in water. The higher melting point of this molecule is as a result of these strong intermolecular forces and would necessitate high energy to break the associated bonds.1,2 Figure 3: Structures of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine Figure 3 indicates that the methylxanthines share similar structures (purine ring), but the slight molecular difference in structure results in the differences in properties. The difference in structure is based on the positioning of the methyl groups. Caffeine has three methyl group in carbon-1, 3 and 7; theobromine has two methyl groups on carbon-3 and 7; and theophylline has two methyl group on carbon-1 and 3, and is deficit of methyl group at position 7 and so has only a proton that can be donated, the same for theobromine having a proton on carbon-1, making them a weakly amphoteric compared to caffeine (a base compound).2       The TLC result shows the distance travelled by caffeine, theobromine and theophylline were 0.95, 0.63 and 0.47mm, respectively (Table 2). This implies that caffeine is more of a solvent compared to theobromine and theophylline. Mother Liquor contains three substances as shown by spot 1 to spot 3 in Table 3, with spot 1, 2 and 3 having Rf values of 0.89, 0.68 and 0.42, respectively. This means that spot 1 and caffeine are more attracted to the mobile phase, interacting less with the polar adsorbent (thats interaction with the silanol group of the silica gel, with the most prevailing interactive force being dipole-dipole) as the compound is less polar, restricted to form hydrogen bonds by its three methyl groups (these contain electrophilic sites and the compound possess electrophilic and nucleophilic function groups, but caffeine is not a proton donor so less polar to adsorb) and so having large Rf values, consequently spent less time travelling towards the solvent front as it is more soluble in the mobile phase. Theoretically, compounds that are less polar characteristically dissolve in the solvent, thus migrate faster, and that the silanol group of the silica surface is highly polarised and is capable of forming dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonds. The more polar compounds such as theophylline (spot 3) strongly binds to the silanol group of the adsorbent or the stationary phase as theyre both capable of hydrogen bonding (theophylline is more of a proton donor thus has more electronegative substituents than for example, caffeine, so binds tightly to the stationary phase), and so moved slower than both spot 1 and 2, but also spends more time closer the origin, held by the resistive force of the sorbent.5,28 Spot 1 is likely to be containing samples of caffeine as they travel almost the same distance. Spot 2 is likely to contain samples of theobromine and spot 3 contains samples of theophylline as they have almost similar Rf values. IR spectroscopy was employed to e lucidate the types of the functional groups in an unknown sample. The results from the IR (Figure 1) shows the presence of a compound indicated by the energy speaks. The spectrometer produced a graph based on the measurements of the photon within 600 4000 cm-1 frequencies. Comparison between the IR spectrum of the standard solution (Figure 2) and that of Figure 1 confirms the likeliness in functional groups shared between these solutions. Figure 1 indicates photon energy peak visible at 3000 cm-1, representing amides and aliphatic amines6, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 are due to the presence of alkene in caffeine molecule9. A and B specifies the carboxyl groups (C=O) of carbon-2 and carbond-6 in region 1700-1659 cm-1, indicating the most intense bands.17 Opinion on the use of caffeine in cold and flu remedies The effects of caffeine vary around the body and are dependent on the dose limit (400mg), at which beyond this parameter will elicit a range of physiological effects including muscle tremors, stomach upset, urinary incompetence, and a possible death. Below this dose limit, however, its effect is less detrimental to health.11 Due to it being readily available in foodstuffs and medicines, some may not be aware of the imposing dangers of caffeine, coupled with the fact that the FDA and the European guidelines consider caffeine not being a nutrient, but a natural ingredient found in beverages and so does not require identification in labelling of caffeinated product unless theres added caffeine in the product.12 This makes it a daunting task for those tracking their caffeine intake especially those that are more vulnerable to its side-effects. Caffeine is issued both as a prescription and as an OTC medication treating various conditions from lethargy to being used as an adjuvant in analgesic, as well as in flu or cold remedies.12 Flu causes rhinorrhea, resulting in loss of fluid, which is counter to sustaining the bodys fluid balance needed for healthy wellbeing. The elderly are the most at risk if not hydrated and the problem exacerbates with the consumption of diuretic substances including any of the methylxanthines.14 A literature review by R. J. Maughan and colleague of caffeine ingestion and its effects on fluid balance assessed various age groups (adults) and the elderly of both sexes. Robertson et al. (1978) reported that R. J. Maughan and colleague administered a single dose of caffeine (250mg) and a placebo to the subjects and urine was accumulated for 3hrs. The result produced an increase in urine output from 366  ± 30 mL (mean  ± SD) on the placebo trial to 469  ± 43 mL on the caffeine trial, accompanied b y an increase in urinary sodium excretion. However, in the same report by Robertson et al., other studies indicated that the diuretic effect of small doses of caffeine had minimal effects, which may be in the same dose range in these flue/cold remedies. It was also reported that long-term caffeine users are not susceptible to this diuretic effect and may not lose water via urine output14, but those that are may be disposed to electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., natriuresis) to kidney dysfunction. The mechanism in which caffeine induces diuresis is not yet clear, but it is believed that the compound acts as a phosphodiesterases inhibitor in the kidneys, along with its antagonistic effect on adenosine receptors.15 Another complication that may arise using caffeine remedies is the possibility of drug-drug interactions such as in the case of taking tizanidine (muscle relaxant), causing low blood pressure and dizziness16, or its inhibitory effect on the antipsychotic medications clozapine and olanzapine, metabolised by CYP1A2. Caffeine may also pose as a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 if metabolised at a slower rate compared to an administered drug, thus minimising the drugs plasma concentration with the likelihood of toxicity.20 The compounding benefits of caffeine, when consumed within physiological limits, cannot be contested. Studies have shown that the groups most at risk of caffeine overdose are young people/children and adolescents due to the lack of awareness and incorrect social perception regarding the benefits versus harmful effects.17 It was reported by the American National Poison Data System that 6,309 cases related to caffeine overdose. A recent article by the telegraph newspaper reported that some students came close to fatality upon accidentally overdosing on caffeine (consumed 30000mg) and were placed on dialysis to remove the intoxication from the kidneys.19 So, in support of it still being a legal stimulant, not only does the benefits outweighs the adverse effects, the compounds plasma half-life is approximately 5hrs. This fast pharmacokinetics or elimination via urinary excretion entails that its concentration in the blood will always be regulated, adverse side-effects occurring or at lea st decrease its effects.20 Due to caffeine being readily available, there are no age limits for their purchase and are not costly either as beverages. The FDA and EMA must assume responsibilities in engaging and communicating with the most at-risk groups, using public education campaign, and firmly addressing the potential risks of overdosing, especially when using multiple caffeine products in combination, and also labelling of such products, indicating the caffeine concentration, as well as targeting the medium used by these at-risk groups such as social media, the internet, and television. The European legislation, however, has taken the incentive in labelling beverages containing caffeine equal to or over 150mg caffeine per litre, affirming in their statement, High caffeine content. Not recommended for children or pregnant or breastfeeding women.17 Additionally, self-monitoring of caffeine concentration by providing device similar to those used by diabetic patients may assist with staying within physiologi cal limits, but also restricting accessibility (age-dependent) might just be one way to control the likelihood of abuse. As a commodity, caffeine can be obtained in various forms for many applications (cosmetics, medical, etc.) and there is always a huge demand, which are popular amongst young people, particularly with the emergence of caffeine-fuelled energy drinks that are used to mix alcohols in social venues.21 Compared with other drugs, the Global Drug Survey 2014 (Figure 4) reported that caffeinated energy drinks were the fourth most drug bought (45.9% prevalence use) after alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. This illustrates caffeines importance both at physiological level, and as a big earner for the industrys major players in global caffeine market (Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSPC Pharma, BASF, and Cocam) as it is consumed by 90% of the worlds population.24,25 One of the drivers of the industry is the production of coffee, which is forecasted to produce 156.6 million bags in 2016/17, and global consumption to be 153.3 million bags.26 This points out the growing demand for caffeinated products, predominantly in traditional markets including Canada, EU, USA, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, but also in emerging markets; Turkey, Algeria, Russia.27 Figure 4: Prevalence of top 20 drug use. Caffeinated drinks was among the most drugs bought in the year 2014.21 It is concluded by the study that the amount of caffeine extracted in tea was almost consistent with the theoretical constituents per weight, 2-5%. This research yields 0.1606g (1.606% ) from 10kg of tea bag and so was impossible to recover 100% of caffeine, greatly impacted by the fact that the reaction was never at completion, not all the caffeine was extracted through the funnel separation, loss of product may have occurred due to emulsions, discrepancies with the instruments due to factors affecting calibration, and steaming during brewing affects the mass of the extracted caffeine. One way to improve the percentage yield may be to explore different organic solvents. Although caffeine has numerous health benefits within physiological optima, it is also detrimental and causes death if these limits are breached. As such, healthcare authorities, as well as the caffeine industry must put in place measures so it is better regulated, and may mean being transparent about the health benefits/risk factors, and spread this awareness in all media used by their target users, especially young people as this is the group that are less aware of the risks. References   Ã‚   Caffeine: The Molecule. [2017 Feb 9]. Available from: http://caffeinethemolecule.weebly.com/physical-properties.html Preedy V.R, editor. Caffeine Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effect. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2012, p.3 -6,44 Vuong Q.V, Roach P.D. Caffeine in Green Tea: Its Removal and Isolation.[2017 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15422119.2013.771127 Vuong Q.V, Bowyer M.C, and Roach P.D. L-Theanine: properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011; 91: 1931-1939 Analyzing a Mixture by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). [2017 Feb 17]. Available from: http://cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chemlabs/analyzing_a_mixture_by_thin_layer_chromatography.pdf Gunasekarana S, Sankarib G, Ponnusam S. Vibrational spectral investigation on xanthine and its derivatives-theophylline, caffeine and theobromine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A. 2005 Caffeine. [2017 Feb 16]. Available from: https://tinyurl.com/hsbppmn Al-Hitti IK, Ibrahim SS. EXTRACTION, IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE AND TRACE METALS IN THREE TYPES OF TEA LEAVES. J. of al-anbar university for pure science. 2009 Sing BM et al., Determination of caffeine content in coffee using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy in combination with attenuated total reflectance technique: a bioanalytical chemistry experiment for biochemists. Biochemical Education. 1998 Palo M et al., Quantification of caffeine and loperamide in printed formulations by infrared spectroscopy. JDDST. 2016 Behind the hype: Caffeine. [2017 Feb 12]. Available from: http://nutritionandactivity.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2%202%20NPA161%20Behind%20the%20Hype-Caffeine_5.pdf Why isnt the amount of caffeine a product contains required on a food label?. [cited 2017 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194317.htm Caffeine and Your Body.[Cited 2017 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.ctclearinghouse.org/Topics/Customer-Files/Caffeine_And_Your_Body_052113.pdf Maughan RJ, Griffin J. Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003 Dec;16(6):411-20. Zhang Y et al., Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015; 18(5): 569-574 25 Most Severe Caffeine and Drug Interactions. [2017 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-drug-interactions Caballero B, Finglas PM, Toldra F, editors. Encyclopedia Of Food And Health. Oxford: Elsevier; 2016 S. Jain, et al., Caffeine addiction: Need for awareness and research and regulatory measures. Asian J Psychiatry. 2017 Bodkin H. Students left fighting for lives after taking enough caffeine for 300 cups of coffee in botched university experiment. Telegraph. 2017 Jan 25 Caffeine: An Evaluation of the Safety Database. In: Gupta RC, editor Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity. London: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc;216. P421,430. Caffeine. Technology, Products, Market, Manufacturing. [2017 Feb 10]. http://www.primaryinfo.com/industry/caffeine.htm The Global Drug Survey 2014 findings. Dr Adam R Winstock. Global Drug Survey. [2017 Feb 10]. https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/past-findings/the-global-drug-survey-2014-findings/ Caffeine Drug Interactions. Anna Duggett. Drugsdb. [2017 Feb 10]. http://www.drugsdb.com/cib/caffeine/caffeine-drug-interactions/ Global Caffeine Market Forecast and Analysis 2016-2021. Radiant Insights. [2017 Feb 11]. https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/global-caffeine-market-forecast-and-analysis-2016-2021 Caffeine Market 2016 Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share. GlobalInfoResearch.[cited 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/637714-global-caffeine-market-by-forecast-to-2021 Coffee: World Markets and Trade. Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA Office of Global Analysis.[cited 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/coffee.pdf An industry study: The Coffee Industry. Mairin M. OConnor. [2017 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/MairinOConnor/coffee-industry-analysis Thin Layer Chromatography. Industrial Economics.[2017 Feb 16]. Available from: https://yvesrubin.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/tlc.pdf

The Bells: An Analysis

Some the literary elements that Poe uses in the bells are onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, repetition, and rhythm. Onomatopoeia which is the formation of word by imitation of a sound made or associated with its referent, it is used in line 3 with the phrase tinkle tinkle, tinkle. Alliteration is the commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group, used in verse 2 lines 10 and 12 â€Å"frantic fire† and â€Å"desperate desire. Assonance is a resemblance of sounds, also called vowel rhyme, used in line 1 â€Å" sledges, bells. † Repetition is the act of repeating something, used in line 3 â€Å" tinkle, tinkle, tinkle. † Rhythm is the movement or procedure with uniform or patterned recurrence of a beat or accent, the rhythm of the bells is what makes it lyrical The Bells represents life and how it happens. In the first stanza silver bells are introduced. The silver bells make a tinkle sound w hich is the sound of a small bell. Therefore the silver bells represent youth and excitement. In the second stanza the golden bells represent wedding bells. These bells symbolize maturity and growing up but also represent one of the happiest times of someone’s life as they are getting married which is a joyful time and at this point of the poem the bells are no longer tinkling as they now are chiming. In Stanza 3 brazen bells are played, these bells are terrifying as they shriek and go higher, and higher. The bells represent what is coming forth as they clang clash and roar. The Brazen bells are not chiming they are loud and obnoxious. Stanza 4 has iron bells playing that make people shiver with affright. The iron bells symbolize death. They are played in the silence of the night and it is silent at funerals because people are mourning and hear the moaning and groaning of the bells. This is how the 4 stanzas symbolize a person’s life. They are young and excited then as they get older and get married they are happy then loud bells tell that tragedy is near and finally death overtakes all people.

A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development Essay

Various industries handled information and data manually until 1960 when the first software development methodology was hinted. Software development methodologies are key steps in development of information system. Different methodologies have different requirements in terms of cost, time frame, expert requirement, size of the business, maintenance cost, and flexibility in case of changes in the future among others. Therefore, organizations evaluate each methodology in order to come up with the most effect one for their information system development. Software methodology involves a structural framework to plan and manage the processes that are involved in development of information system.Prototyping and dynamic system methodology will be critically evaluated to understand the role of software methodologies in information system development. Dynamic system development methodology                The method ensures frequent delivery of information system in businesses. The methodology is can be reversed during development in case of errors, and the requirement is based on high level and integrated testing throughout lifecycle, which allows collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders (Association of Modern Technologies, 2014 Software Development Methodologies) Critical evaluation                Since this methodology involves end users and teamwork decision, it forms the best choice for information system development. Future changes can be accommodated since changes are reversible. This methodology follows PRINCE concept since it start with initiation of a project and conclude with crossing of the project. Prototype methodology                In this methodology, incomplete software is created, which differs with the final product (software development and engineering, 2012 n.p.). The methodology makes it possible to evaluate the software during the development process and design before it gets to the final step. The software can also be tried before integration in an organization. This method allows involvement of the users and evaluation during designing phase and thus increasing the likely hood of easier implementation in any organization. Critical evaluation                In this methodology, users, builder and system interaction are mandatory. It requires expertise for both builders and end-users. With this model, time and cost are decreased compared to traditional method, which becomes a major consideration when developing information system. This methodology is applied mostly in situations there is risk uncertainty. This methodology is best applied in managerial systems, as its main objective is planning, direction, controlling and decision-making. This forms one of the choices for information system since users can be able to do a value analysis and investment can be made at relative increments. PRINCE plays an important role in information system development since it establishes the management, control, and application of the appropriate software for information system. It gives more insight about the software developed and provides authenticity of the software, which is important in making information system decisions. Question 2 According to (Bantra et al, (2010 p 383) agile methodology is based on various values such as Individual and interaction over processes and tools, Working software under comprehensive documentation, Customer or end user collaboration over a contract negotiation the and Responding to changes over following a plan                The agile methodology builds flexible information systems that can be upgraded or changes in future (Rao, Naidu, & Chakka, 2011 p. 42). For example, if an organization wants to expand its system, it can build its new information system on the existing system. Hence, the methodology is adopted where future changes in the information system are expected. Time aspect makes this approach cost effective. The methodology involves the end users at every stage making software development process effective and accurate (Aitken & Ilango 2013 4758). In addition, the process is fast and efficient thus ensuring that the information system development easy and economical. The traditional methodologies are fixed and do not allow future changes (Aitken & Ilango 2013 p. 4756). That means that once the information system is developed using the traditional methodology, it will be hard to build a new system using it. The expansions or future changes in the information system require engineers and software developers to start a new system. This is not cost effective for business since they are always in a constant growth and keep on improving their information systems. Thus, agile methodology best suits development of a flexible information system that can be upgraded easily. Question 3                The Structured systems analysis and design method, (SSADM) is one of the widely used methodologies in computer applications in private and public sectors since its inception in 1981. The methodology operates under three principle techniques known as logical data, flow data, and event modelling (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 3). Logical data modelling (LDM) technique involves identification and documentation of the necessary data for business or organization information system. The information that the business wants to record on the information systems is identified and documented for inclusion in software development. Consequently, the data flow modelling (DFM) techniques involves identification, modelling and documentation of how the identified data using LDM technique will flow in the information system. It gives details on how various data will be transformed in the system. Then, event modelling (EM) technique identifies and documents the sequence of events in DFM. The techniques help the engineers to develop information system that meets the end users need since it allows participation of all the stakeholders. However, inadequate research may result to development of poor information systems, which may be cost to the business. The SSADM uses various tools that are important in development of information system. Data flow diagram, (DFD) highlights all the data pathways, while other tools such as data dictionary, decision trees and tables give guidelines on data classifications. The tools make operation of the information easier for the end users. Unified modelling language, (UML) is a language used in software engineering. It helps the developers to create a system using a standardized language that can be understood easily by both the participants and the system. The main techniques and tools used are diagram and language structures such as class, interactions and activity diagrams (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 4). The main difference between SSADM and UML is that the former interfaces are composed of design dialogue while the latter utilises components and classes of modelled diagrams as interface (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011 p. 24-29). In addition, SSADM uses requirement catalogue as the data resources while UML uses modelled stereotype features as data sources. Question 4                Software development approach entails identification the information system issues and making decision of how the issues should be solved and the solution remains viable. Critical evaluation                The approach helps to develop software in a top down development consisting of independent steps that are completed sequentially. The engineers are able to evaluate each step independent and develop consecutive phases based on completed ones. The methodology is fast and effective for development of small information systems. However, methodology is not suitable to develop large information system because it is slow and cumbersome. In addition, the approach is costly and a short term. According to Stoica et al, (2013, p. 68) this method requires product definition, clear understanding of requirements and technology, and expertise and the system is short lived. End users approach                In this approach, the end user is the developer of the software. He or she designs the software such that it is able to meet his or her needs. This is done through modification of commercial off-shelf software (COTs). Critical evaluation                The approach does not involve formal designing of the information system. The approach does not require documentation of the project. The end user is the main controller of the information system developed from this approach. However, it is not fit for large business and lack of documentation limits future changes of the information system would be very hard. Thus, the approach is not economical especially of growing enterprises. When the size of the project is large, the software development approach is based on the cost or budget limitations, timeframe taken by the approach, and the flexibility of the approach. This is because, the organizations designs information systems that are economical in that they does not affect their profitability and operations. Approaches that are cheap and are executed in a short span of time are preferred to others that are costly and take long time before completion References Aitken, A., & Ilango, V. 2013. A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development. In  System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on  (pp. 4751-4760). IEEE. Al-Humaidan, F., & Rossiter, B. N. 2011. A Taxonomy and Evaluation for Systems Analysis Methodologies in a Workflow Context: Structured Systems Analysis Design Method (SSADM), Unified Modelling Language (UML), Unified Process, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and Organisation Process Modelling (OPM).  Technical Report Series-University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Computing Science. Baguio central University 2011.Dynamic System Development Methodology.[Online]. http://www.slideshare.net/mayjoyce89/dynamic-system-development-method. Batra, D., Weidong, X., VanderMeer, D., &Dutta, K. 2010.Balancing Agile and Structured Development Approaches to Successfully Manage Large Distributed Software Projects: A Case Study from the Cruise Line Industry. Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 27 383. Habib M, 2013. Agile software development methodologies and how to apply them. [Online] Retrieved from http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/604417/Agile-software-development-methodologies-and-how-t.accessed Rao, K. N., Naidu, G. K., & Chakka, P. 2011. A study of the agile software development methods, applicability and implications in industry.  International Journal of Software Engineering and its applications,  5,2, 35-45. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., &Ghilic-Micu, B. 2013. Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional. InformaticaEconomica, 17,4, 64-76. Source document

A Rose for Emily Literary Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1052 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? In the reading A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, expresses a story of a lonely woman who has suffered from being stuck in her older ways of life. Over thirty years before the depiction of Emilys story, her very strict father passes away, and she was left by herself with no real guidance. In the prime years of her life, the home and street where she lived was very prominent but is now considered an eyesore amongst the community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Rose for Emily Literary Analysis" essay for you Create order A once luxurious building with a beautiful white coat of paint and plantation styled balconies, now sat covered in dust and corrosion. During the collapse of the once idolized household, the community began to talk amongst themselves about how they sympathized for her. Through time, Miss Emily meets a young man from the North who was overseeing the construction of the sidewalks on her road. His name was Homer Barron. In eyes of the neighborhood he was considered a bachelor. This gave the community more to pity Emily about since the newly found couple began to be seen publicly together on buggy rides. As time passed the two are seen together less and less, and the towns people become concerned when she suddenly purchased deadly arsenic from the local drug store. Not too long after this, no one sees the younger bachelor Homer ever again. Upon Emilys death, the towns people investigate her home to find the deceased Homer Barrons body in the bed of the upstairs room with a body imprint n ext to it. What they discover on the adjacent pillow is unnerving for they find grey strains of hair. The story A Rose for Emily tells a classic derivative of how the southern characteristics of people are obstinate and will eventually die old or lonely from the pressure of not adapting to change. The author made it clear that Miss Emily was afraid to think for herself and make adaptations with the change of time. The first and most obvious example of this was when Faulkner described the decay of the once beautiful home. Faulkner writes, It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires. Emilys house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay (Faulkner 2). The decay of her home represented the time that has passed through the community, and her failure to adapt to cultural changes. Though Miss Emily and her father, while younger, were very well respected in the community; behind closed doors she faced oppression most of her life. The oppression that she faced from her father greatly contributed to her unnatural spirit and attitude. She had come from a once well-respected stature, since her father had allegedly given a large amount of money to the community; which exempted her of future taxes, but now the community looked at her in disappointment. This is seen when Faulkner writes, Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town (Faulkner 3). As time passed with Miss Emily never having to pay her taxes, curtesy of Colonel Sartoris, the new dwellers of the government office decided that it was time for her to begin a new tradition of paying. This represented the growth with time that the rest of the southern community was displaying, but with Miss Emily being lost in her old tradition, she still refused to pay upon the arrival of the newer government officials. This situation later became a lost cause and they gave up hope of ever receiving any funds. Faulkner confirms this when he writes, I received a paper, yes, Miss Emily said. Perhaps he considers himself the sheriff . . . I have no taxes in Jefferson (Faulkner 10). This was a perfect example of how she was determined to keep her old-styled tradition. The oppression that she faced from her father as a child began to appear within his death. The only thing that Miss Emily truly ever had in her life was her father. The several denials of his passing opened the eyes of the community and let everyone know that she suffered with letting things go. Faulkner writes, She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body (Faulkner 10). Faulkner continues, She would have to cling to that which had robbed her (Faulkner 11). After her father passed, she was not seen for awhile due to sickness. All of the communities thoughts of her never changing quickly deceased once she was seen again with a different haircut and peculiar glow. Once the young man Homer Barron appeared in town, the sidewalk pavement was seen with Miss Emily taking chariot rides across town. A spark of hope seemed to have returned to her. She wanted no thing but someone to claim as her own again, but when the pavement construction was complete, she took matters into her own hands to claim the young man as her own by poisoning him with arsenic upon his re-arrival. Faulkner lets the readers know this when he writes, Arsenic, Miss Emily said. Is that a good one? (Faulkner 40). And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron (Faulkner 49). This action reclarified the insecurity that she faced of being alone especially upon her death once the towns people found Homers corpse still in the bed with her body imprint and hair next to it. In this piece William Faulkner depicted multiple flawed characteristics of the small community in which Miss Emily resided, but my primary focus of this literary analysis was the main character herself. Her unremovable southern characteristics, from an oppressed childhood, cause her to have a front row seat to the decay of her social status which enviably led her to take the life of her love. With time comes change and it is a human instinct to protect the things we value the most, but just because something is perfect in our eyes does not mean that it can not be improved. Overall, I believe the message that William Faulkner was trying to relay to the reader. Just because something is perfect in our eyes, does not mean that it cannot be improved.